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1.
BMC Public Health ; 24(1): 911, 2024 Mar 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38539112

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Policy protections for transgender adults in the United States are consistently associated with positive health outcomes. However, studies over-represent non-Latinx White transgender people and obscure variation in policies' intended goals. This study examined racial differences in the relationship between transgender-related policies and transgender women's self-rated health. Guided by Critical Race Theory, we hypothesized that policies conferring access to resources (e.g., healthcare) would be associated with better self-rated health among all participants while policies signifying equality (e.g., nondiscrimination laws) would be associated with better self-rated health only for White participants. METHODS: Using cross-sectional data collected between March 2018-December 2020 from 1566 transgender women, we analyzed 7 state-level 'access policies,' 5 'equality policies,' and sum indices of each. Participants represented 29 states, and 54.7% were categorized as people of color. We fit a series of multilevel ordinal regression models predicting self-rated health by each policy. Multivariate models were adjusted for relevant covariates at the individual- and state-level. We then tested moderation by race/ethnicity using interaction terms and generated stratified predicted probability plots. RESULTS: In bivariate models, 4 access policies, 2 equality policies, and both indices were associated with better self-rated health, but associations did not persist in adjusted models. Results from the multivariable models including interaction terms indicated that policies concerning private insurance coverage of gender-affirming care, private insurance nondiscrimination, credit nondiscrimination, and both indices were statistically significantly associated with better self-rated health for White participants and worse self-rated health for participants of color. CONCLUSIONS: The policies included in this analysis do not mitigate racism's effects on access to resources, indicating they may be less impactful for transgender women of color than White transgender women. Future research and policy advocacy efforts promoting transgender women's health must center racial equity as well as transgender people of color's priorities.


Assuntos
Pessoas Transgênero , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Estados Unidos , Estudos Transversais , Etnicidade , Análise Multinível , Políticas
2.
BMC Public Health ; 24(1): 760, 2024 Mar 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38468204

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions worldwide, and the incidence of anxiety disorders among adults in the U.S. have increased over the last decade. Anxiety disorders can have debilitating effects on multiple areas of functioning and quality of life. Recently, social isolation has emerged as an important public health problem associated with worse health and well-being outcomes. Research on the connection between social isolation and mental health has found that multiple dimensions of social isolation may negatively impact mental health, but few inquiries have focused on the association between social isolation and anxiety. This study examined the relationships between multiple dimensions of social isolation and anxiety disorders in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 18 and older. METHODS: The sample includes 6082 individuals from the National Survey of American Life. This study examined whether three different dimensions of social isolation-subjective, interpersonal, and structural-were associated with 12-month and lifetime anxiety disorders (any anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and agoraphobia (AG). Logistic regressions were used to test the associations between the three social isolation variables and the anxiety outcomes. RESULTS: This study found that of the three dimensions of social isolation, subjective isolation was most consistently related to both lifetime and 12-month anxiety disorders. Those who were subjectively isolated had increased odds of meeting criteria for any anxiety disorder, PTSD, GAD, PD, and AG over the past 12 months and throughout their lifetimes. Structural isolation was negatively associated with lifetime and 12-month AG. CONCLUSIONS: Public health approaches should include mental health and primary care providers and need to target social isolation, especially subjective isolation, which may be key in preventing anxiety disorders and the worsening of anxiety disorders. Future public health research is needed on how and in what ways the differing dimensions of social isolation impact mental health.


Assuntos
Qualidade de Vida , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Adulto , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Saúde Mental , Isolamento Social , Comorbidade
3.
Child Abuse Negl ; 149: 106654, 2024 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38350400

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Racism and cisgenderism expose transgender people of color to adversity across the life course. However, little is known about the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in this population or their association with health in comparison to other groups. OBJECTIVE: Guided by the structural trauma framework, we examined race/ethnicity/gender group differences in the prevalence of ACEs and their association with adult mental and physical health. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 2019-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. METHODS: Transgender participants (n = 551) were matched with two cisgender men (n = 1102) and two cisgender women (n = 1102) on key covariates. We compared age-adjusted predicted probabilities of nine ACEs by race/ethnicity/gender group. We then fit adjusted logistic regression models predicting poor mental and physical health by each ACE and compared marginal effects between groups. RESULTS: Transgender people of color had higher age-adjusted probabilities of six ACEs than at least one other group; for example, household incarceration was 0.16 (95 % CI: 0.11-0.22) compared to 0.09 (95 % CI: 0.06-0.13) for cisgender men of color (p = 0.032). The relationship between five ACEs and poor mental health was greater for transgender people of color than at least one other group. For instance, the marginal effect of household alcoholism on poor mental health was 0.28 (95 % CI: 0.11-0.45) compared to 0.07 (0.01-0.14) for White cisgender men (p = 0.031). There were no statistically significant differences regarding effects on poor physical health. CONCLUSIONS: ACEs inequitably impact transgender people of color, reflecting the need to restructure the interlocking systems that drive adversity among transgender children of color and exacerbate ACEs' health effects among adults.


Assuntos
Experiências Adversas da Infância , Pessoas Transgênero , Adulto , Masculino , Criança , Humanos , Feminino , Pigmentação da Pele , Etnicidade , Saúde Mental
4.
Am Psychol ; 78(4): 413-427, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37384497

RESUMO

James S. Jackson (1944-2020) is remembered as a groundbreaking social psychologist whose career contributions in scholarship, research, and service were fundamental to the field of psychology. This article briefly outlines his career-long work and contributions. A strong believer in interdisciplinary work, his research spanned other related social science disciplines (e.g., sociology, political science), as well as health and social welfare professions (public health, social work, medicine). As the founding director of the Program for Research on Black Americans at the Institute for Social Research, James Jackson initiated and led a long-standing program with a dual focus on research and training and mentoring doctoral students, postdoctoral scholars, and early career scientists. Jackson's efforts in the development of several nationally representative surveys of the Black population in the United States (e.g., National Survey of Black Americans, National Survey of American Life) revolutionized research focusing on the lives of Black Americans. James Jackson's international influence and reputation included numerous prestigious positions within national science organizations and honors and awards for his scientific contributions. Among James S. Jackson's most enduring legacies is the vast network of current scientists, researchers, and academics who were trained under his direction and leadership. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Psicologia , Ciências Sociais , Humanos , Distinções e Prêmios , Pesquisa Biomédica/educação , Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Negro ou Afro-Americano/história , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , População Negra , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Liderança , Política , Psicologia/educação , Psicologia/história , Ciências Sociais/educação , Ciências Sociais/história , Estados Unidos
5.
J Fam Theory Rev ; 14(3): 442-462, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36406939

RESUMO

Race science attributes differences in human populations to biology and genetics that reflect a hierarchy of human races with whiteness at its pinnacle. This article examining the history of race science and current family scholarship and practice contends that race science matters for family science. We discuss 1) white supremacy, the development of race science, and the eugenics movement in the U.S.; 2) racism, racialized experiences, and oppression of Black families in the U.S.; 3) the construction of whiteness in family science and re-envisioning theories to make racism's impact visible; 4) racial reckonings for professional organizations; and 5) why race science matters for family science and a call to action. Clarity about the meaning of race can ensure that family science addresses white supremacy and racism embedded in scholarship, training, and practice, and promotes work that supports the well-being of families that are most vulnerable and marginalized.

6.
J Marriage Fam ; 84(4): 1002-1023, 2022 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36110339

RESUMO

Objective: This study examined racial and ethnic differences in the receipt and provision of instrumental family support. Background: Extended families provide significant levels of emotional and instrumental support across the life course. Despite their importance, extended family relationships and the assistance they provide are largely neglected in the literature. Further, questions remain concerning cultural variation in family support relationships and inconsistent findings on racial differences in family support in prior investigations. Method: This study relied on data from the National Survey of American Life-Reinterview (n=3,483) to investigate the provision and receipt of instrumental support from extended family among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Latino Whites and within high- and low-income categories for each group. Eight key measures of instrumental family support are examined: receiving and providing transportation, help with chores, financial assistance, and help during an illness. Results: African Americans and Black Caribbeans share similar profiles of providing and receiving instrumental family support. Both populations receive and provide assistance more frequently than do non-Latino Whites. Similarly, analyses stratified by income indicated that for low-income and high-income groups, African American and Black Caribbeans are similar to one another, and at each income category, both groups received and provided support more frequently than non-Latino Whites. Conclusion: Study findings are discussed in relation to conceptual and methodological differences in assessing Black-White differences across studies of family support. Attention to these issues and the specific contexts for receiving/providing family support (emergency vs. routine; intergenerational vs. extended) will help clarify inconsistent findings across studies.

7.
J Nerv Ment Dis ; 210(10): 784-791, 2022 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35605210

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between eight measures of religious involvement and five anxiety disorders among a nationally representative sample of African-Americans ( N = 3403). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition , World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess 12-month and lifetime prevalence for each disorder. Logistic regression indicated weekly service attendance was inversely associated with 12-month and lifetime panic disorder, lifetime agoraphobia, and 12-month and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prayer was inversely associated with 12-month agoraphobia, 12-month social phobia, and lifetime PTSD. Listening to religious radio and looking to God for strength were also inversely related to, respectively, 12-month and lifetime panic disorder. Conversely, reading religious materials was positively associated with 12-month panic disorder, 12-month agoraphobia, lifetime PTSD, and lifetime generalized anxiety disorder. The results are discussed in light of conceptual models that specify multiple and sometimes divergent pathways through which religion impacts health, and suggestions for clinicians addressing anxiety disorders are delineated.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Agorafobia/diagnóstico , Agorafobia/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Prevalência
8.
J Fam Issues ; 43(1): 20-46, 2022 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35422538

RESUMO

Using data from the National Survey of American Life, we investigated the social and demographic correlates of fictive kin network involvement among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Latino Whites. Specifically, we examined the factors shaping whether respondents have fictive kin, the number of fictive present kin in their networks, and the frequency with which they received support from fictive kin. Eighty-seven percent of respondents had a fictive kin relationship, the average network size was 7.5, and 61% of participants routinely received fictive kin support. Affective closeness and contact with family, friends, and church members were positively associated with fictive kin relations. Age, region, income and marital and parental status were related to fictive kin network involvement, though these associations varied by race/ethnicity. Collectively, findings indicate that fictive kin ties extend beyond marginalized communities, and they operate as a means to strengthen family bonds, rather than substitute for family deficits.

9.
J Aging Health ; 34(3): 390-400, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35438578

RESUMO

Objectives: This study examined the frequency and impact of traumatic events on the mental health of older African American and Black Caribbean adults. Methods: The current study used data from the National Survey of American Life of 1,135 African American and 426 Black Caribbean adults aged 50 and older. Analysis examined the impact of traumatic events on both positive (i.e., happiness and life satisfaction) and negative (i.e., depressive symptoms, psychological distress, and 12-month anti-depressant use) domains of mental health. Results: Findings indicate that approximately 80% of older African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported experiencing a traumatic event at some point in their lifetime. Among African Americans assaultive violence was associated with more depressive symptoms, lower levels of life satisfaction, and lower levels of happiness. This was not the case among Black Caribbeans. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary insight in mental health outcomes for older African American and Black Caribbean adults.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Saúde Mental , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Idoso , População Negra , Região do Caribe , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos
10.
J Aging Health ; 34(3): 460-471, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35420508

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: This study examined differences in major and everyday discrimination between African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Latino White older adults. METHODS: Data are taken from the National Survey of American Life. Measures of major (e.g., unfairly fired and harassed by police) and everyday (e.g., treated with less courtesy, insulted, and followed in stores) discrimination were examined. RESULTS: Both African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported more major and everyday discrimination than non-Latino Whites. However, there were no significant differences between African Americans and Whites with regards to being fired, neighbors making life difficult and receiving poor service. There were no significant differences between African Americans and Black Caribbeans in major or everyday discrimination. DISCUSSION: The discussion notes the importance of examining racial as well as within group ethnic differences within the Black American population in the types of discrimination. It also notes the importance of examining indicators of both major and everyday discrimination.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Hispânico ou Latino , Idoso , População Negra , Região do Caribe , Humanos , Grupos Raciais , Estados Unidos
11.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci ; 77(11): 2006-2015, 2022 11 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35218658

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates church-based informal social support among older African Americans and Black Caribbeans. In particular, we examine the correlates of receiving emotional support as well as negative interactions (e.g., criticisms) from church members. METHODS: The analysis is based on the older African American (n = 829) and Black Caribbean (n = 271) subsample of the National Survey of American Life. The analysis utilizes multiple group structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a model of church support networks. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between older African Americans and older Black Caribbeans in the frequency of service attendance, contact with church members (seeing, writing, talking), emotional support from church members, or negative interactions with church members. However, a comparison of SEM analysis indicates that the number and pattern of relationships are different. For instance, among African Americans church attendance was associated with emotional support, but among Black Caribbeans attendance did not have a direct or indirect effect on emotional support. Our findings also indicate that among older African Americans, women attend religious services more frequently and both receive emotional support and engage in negative interactions with church members more frequently than men. Among Black Caribbeans, however, men attend religious services less frequently than women but also have more negative interactions with church members. DISCUSSION: For both African American and Black Caribbean older adults, church members are an important element of their social support networks. Our analysis also underscores the importance of contact with church members for receiving emotional support for both populations.


Assuntos
População Negra , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Idoso , Apoio Social , Região do Caribe
12.
J Racial Ethn Health Disparities ; 9(5): 1905-1911, 2022 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34506012

RESUMO

There is increasing evidence suggesting the influence social isolation has on health outcomes and mental well-being. Chronic medical conditions, such as pain, have been shown to impact social relationships and isolation among majority populations, but there is little evidence documenting this relationship among African Americans. To address this lack of scholarly work, the current study aimed to examine subjective and objective social isolation, pain interference with daily life, and problems with pain in a sample of African American adults 18 + years of age. Taken from the National Survey of American Life: Coping with Stress in the 21st Century (NSAL), results showed that participants who were objectively isolated from family only were more likely to have a chronic health problem that was associated with increased pain. Data further showed that those reporting subjective isolation from both family and friends experienced greater interference from pain than those who were not isolated from family and friends. Findings from this study acknowledge a larger issue that addresses the impact social isolation has on health, quality of life, and general well-being. Recognizing the influence of such may allow systems to acknowledge the determinants that perpetuate social isolation, while still recognizing the needs of marginalized groups.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Qualidade de Vida , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Doença Crônica , Humanos , Dor , Isolamento Social
13.
J Marriage Fam ; 83(5): 1349-1372, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34711997

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the correlates of involvement in extended family social support networks among African Americans. BACKGROUND: Previous literature has documented the importance of informal social support from extended family members for the African American population. Most research has investigated black-white differences in network involvement or has focused on impoverished African American families. Both approaches conceal important within-group variation in participation among the total African American population. METHOD: This study relied on nationally representative data from the African American sub-sample of the National Survey of American Life (n=3,538). It employed ordinary least squares regression analysis to examine the sociodemographic and family factors that are associated with four key measures of involvement in extended family support networks: receiving and providing extended family support, frequency of family contact, and degree of subjective closeness. RESULTS: African Americans routinely interacted with members of their family, displayed a high degree of family closeness, and exchanged support fairly frequently. Findings also revealed significant variation in network involvement by sociodemographic characteristics: women, younger adults, and Southerners were typically most involved; individuals who experienced greater material hardship, were previously incarcerated, or served in the military reported less involvement. Results also showed that family closeness and family contact were particularly salient factors shaping the extent to which network members engaged in support exchanges. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of within-group heterogeneity in network involvement underscores the importance of considering issues of intragroup diversity in the developing literature on African American extended family networks.

15.
Int J Ment Health ; 50(1): 53-77, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33840831

RESUMO

Despite the rapid growth of the Black Caribbean population in the United States, we know little about the presentation and prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among these groups. This study examines the demographic correlates and the effect of racial discrimination on OCD symptoms among a nationally-representative sample of Black Caribbean and African American adults (n = 5,191). Drawing on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF) for OCD, we examine two types of obsessions (harm and contamination) and four types of compulsions (repeating, washing, ordering, and counting). There we no significant differences between Black Caribbeans and African Americans in obsessions and compulsions. Analysis among Black Caribbeans found that compared with Jamaican and Trinidadian Americans, Haitian American individuals reported the fewest number of obsessions and compulsions. We show that Black Caribbean Americans with lower income, lower self-rated physical and mental health, and more experiences with racial discrimination report higher levels of OCD. More specifically, racial discrimination was associated with contamination and harm obsessions, as well as washing and repeating compulsions. Our findings highlight the need to consider specific domains of OCD relative to Black Caribbeans, and the relationship between social and demographic variables on symptomology.

16.
Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr ; 41(1): 1-31, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35418718

RESUMO

Fictive kin are individuals who are not related biologically or legally family members but are conferred all of the expectations, obligations, norms, and behaviors that are typically associated with family members. Early ethnographic and qualitative studies on impoverished African Americans depicted fictive kinship as a strategy of necessity used by urban poor Blacks to share scarce resources. More recent surveys of fictive kin relationships based on nationally representative samples of African Americans establish that fictive kinship occur across a range of social and economic circumstances. However, fictive kin relationships among African Americans older adults remains an understudied area. The current study explores fictive kinship relationships (having fictive kin and receiving support from fictive kin) among African American, Black Caribbean, and non-Hispanic white older adults using data from the National Survey of American Life. We examined race/ethnicity and gender differences, as well as demographic and social network correlates. Findings showed that having and receiving support from fictive kin varied across race, ethnicity and gender. African Americans were more likely to have fictive kin than were non-Hispanic whites, but there were no overall race/ethnic differences in receiving support from fictive kin. Gender specific findings showed that Black Caribbean women received fictive kin support more frequently than African American and non-Hispanic white women. Finally, demographic and social network correlates of fictive kin varied by race and ethnicity and connections with social networks (family, friend, church members) were positively associated with having and receiving support from fictive kin.

17.
Health Educ Behav ; 47(6): 855-860, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33090052

RESUMO

The concept of "double jeopardy"-being both older and Black-describes how racism and ageism together shape higher risks for coronavirus exposure, COVID-19 disease, and poor health outcomes for older Black adults. Black people and older adults are the two groups most affected by COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Double jeopardy, as a race- and age-informed analysis, demonstrates how Black race and older age are associated with practices and policies that shape key life circumstances (e.g., racial residential segregation, family and household composition) and resources in ways that embody elevated risk for COVID-19. The concept of double jeopardy underscores long-standing race- and age-based inequities and social vulnerabilities that produce devastating COVID-19 related deaths and injuries for older Black adults. Developing policies and actions that address race- and age-based inequities and social vulnerabilities can lower risks and enhance protective factors to ensure the health of older Black Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por Coronavirus/etnologia , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Pneumonia Viral/etnologia , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos/normas , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Casas de Saúde/normas , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Religião , SARS-CoV-2 , Isolamento Social , Segregação Social/tendências , Fatores Socioeconômicos
18.
PLoS One ; 15(5): e0233836, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32470008

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Despite research on the dramatic changes in marriage, there is a dearth of research on the correlates of marriage and romantic involvement among older African Americans. This is an important omission because although the marriage decline is universal, African Americans show the steepest decline in marriage rates. METHODS: Based on data from the National Survey of American Life, multinomial logistic regression analysis is used to identify demographic and health correlates of: 1) being married or cohabiting, 2) having a romantic involvement, 3) not having a romantic involvement but desiring one, and lastly, 4) not having and not desiring a romantic involvement. RESULTS: Four in 10 older African Americans are either married or cohabiting, 11% are unmarried but romantically involved, 9.5% are unmarried and not romantically involved but open to the possibility of a relationship, and 38% neither have nor desire a romantic involvement. More men than women are married or cohabiting, a gap that increases with advanced age. Across all age groups, African American women are more likely than their male counterparts to report that they neither have nor desire a romantic relationship. CONCLUSION: Almost as many older African Americans do not want a romantic relationship as those who are married/cohabiting. Findings support social exchange theories and the importance of an unbalanced sex ratio. Furthermore, the results suggest that singlehood among older African Americans (especially women) is not necessarily an involuntary status. Nonetheless, this group is at higher risk of economic and health problems as they age.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Casamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Caracteres Sexuais , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Probabilidade , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários
19.
Health Educ Behav ; 47(4): 519-524, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32408770

RESUMO

In this Perspective, we build on social justice and emancipatory traditions within the field of health education, and the field's long-standing commitment to building knowledge and shared power to promote health equity, to examine lessons and opportunities for health education emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining patterns that emerged as the pandemic unfolded in Metropolitan Detroit, with disproportionate impacts on African American and low-income communities, we consider conditions that contributed to excess exposure, mortality, and reduced access to critical health protective resources. Using a life course framework, we consider enduring impacts of the pandemic for health equity. Finally, we suggest several strategic actions in three focal areas-environment, occupation, and housing-that can be taken by health educators working in partnership with community members, researchers, and decision makers, using, for example, a community-based participatory research approach, to reduce adverse impacts of COVID-19 and promote long-term equity in health.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/etnologia , Educação em Saúde/organização & administração , Equidade em Saúde/organização & administração , Pneumonia Viral/etnologia , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/etnologia , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Meio Ambiente , Habitação/organização & administração , Humanos , Michigan/epidemiologia , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Fatores Socioeconômicos
20.
Innov Aging ; 4(3): igaa007, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32313842

RESUMO

Psychiatric disorders impose significant personal, social, and financial costs for individuals, families, and the nation. Despite a large amount of research and several journals focused on psychiatric conditions, there is a paucity of research on psychiatric disorders among Black Americans (i.e., African Americans and Black Caribbeans), particularly older Black Americans. The present literature review examines research on psychiatric disorders among older Black Americans and provides a broad overview of research findings that are based on nationally representative studies. Collectively, this research finds: (1) older African Americans have lower rates of psychiatric disorders than younger African Americans; (2) family support is not protective of psychiatric disorders, whereas negative interaction with family members is a risk factor; (3) everyday discrimination is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders; (4) both older African Americans and African American across the adult age range have lower prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders than non-Latino whites; (5) Black Caribbean men have particularly high rates of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide attempts; and (6) a significant proportion of African American older adults with mental health disorders do not receive professional help. This literature review also discusses the "Race Paradox" in mental health, the Environmental Affordances Model, and the importance of investigating ethnicity differences among Black Americans. Future research directions address issues that are directly relevant to the Black American population and include the following: (1) understanding the impact of mass incarceration on the psychiatric disorders of prisoners' family members, (2) assessing the impact of immigration from African countries for ethnic diversity within the Black American population, (3) examining the impact of racial identity and racial socialization as potential protective factors for psychiatric morbidities, and (4) assessing racial diversity in life-course events and their impact on mental health.

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